8 criteria for determining essential functions:
1. The reason the job exists is to perform a particular function.
2. There are a limited number of employees available among whom the performance of a job function can be distributed.
3. The function is highly specialized so that a person is hired for his/her expertise or ability to perform a particular function.
4. Employer's judgment that a function is essential.
5. The amount of time spent on the job performing the function.
6. The consequences of not requiring the incumbent to perform the function.
7. The work experience of past incumbents in the job.
8. The current work experience of incumbents in similar jobs.
The list below indicates examples of the wrong and right way to phrase the essential functions (critical duties) of a position.  Remember to focus on the end result, not how the task is accomplished.
Correct:	Move fifty-pound boxes from point A to point B.
Incorrect:	Having to lift fifty-pound boxes.
Correct:	Duplicating information.
Incorrect:	Copying information.  
(Unless this is the only way the information can be duplicated.)
Correct:	*Input data at 75 words per minute using Word for Windows.
Incorrect:	**Type 75 words a minute using Word for Windows.
* For example, voice recognition software might be used instead of typing. 
** If a manager requires accurate 75 word per minute typing, such requirements would have to actually be imposed in the work place and not just on paper.
Example: A secretarial job may involve the following functions:
(Questions1-6 are the essential functions.)
1. Transcribing dictation and written drafts from the supervisor and other staff into final documents;
2. Proof-reading documents for accuracy;
3. Developing and maintaining files;
4. Scheduling and making arrangements for meetings and conferences;
5. Logging documents and correspondence in and out;
6. Placing, answering, and referring telephone calls;
(Questions 7-9 are the marginal functions.)
7. Distributing documents to appropriate staff members;
8. Reproducing documents on copying machines;
9. Occasional travel to perform clerical tasks at out of town conferences.
Note:
The manager who identified these essential and marginal functions took into account the specific activities of the particular office in which this secretary would work, and the availability of other staff. 
November 4, 1999
Version 1.1